中考英语之介词用法

梅影雪

　　下面与大家分享下“中考英语知识点：常见介词用法错误”
　　[误] We got to the top of the mountain in daybreak.
　　[正] We got to the top of the mountain at day break.
　　[析] at用于具体时刻之前，如：sunrise， midday， noon， sunset， midnight， night.
　　[误] Don’t sleep at daytime
　　[正] Don’t sleep in daytime.
　　[析] in 要用于较长的一段时间之内，如：in the morning / afternoon， 或 in the week / month / year. 或 in spring / supper /autumn / winter等等。
　　[误] We visited the old man in Sunday afternoon.
　　[正] We visited the old man on Sunday afternoon.
　　[析] in the morning， in the afternoon 如果在这两个短语中加入任何修饰词其前面的介词都要改为on， 如：on a cold morning， on the morning of July 14th
　　[误] He became a writter at his twenties
　　[正] He became a writter in his twenties
　　[析]这句话应译为：他在20多岁时就成了作家。在某人的一段生活时间段中要用介词in来表示，而在具体岁数时用at来表示。
　　[误] He went to New York to find a job in sixteen years old.
　　[正] He went to New York to find a job at sixteen.
　　[析] 在具体年岁前用at， 如：at the age of 12， at your age，等等。
　　[误] We went to swim in the river in a very hot day.
　　[正] We went to swim in the river on a very hot day.
　　[析] 具体某一天要用介词on， 又如：on New Year‘s Day
　　[误] I’m looking forward to seeing you on Christmas.
　　[正] I’m looking for ward to seeing you at Christmas.
　　[析]在节日的当天用on，而全部节日期间用at，Christmas是圣诞节期间，一般要有两周或更长的时间。
　　[误] I haven’t see you during the summer holidays.
　　[正] I haven’t seen you since the beginning of the summer holidays.
　　[析] during表示在某一段时间之内，所以一般不与完成时搭配，如：I visited a lot of museums during the holiday. 而for表示一段时间，可以用于完成时，如：I haven‘t see you for a long time. 而through 用来表示时间时则为“整整，全部的时间”。如：It rained through the night.而since则是表达主句动作的起始时间，一般要与完成时连用。
　　[误] At entering the classroom， I heard the good news.
　　[正] On entering the classroom， I heard the good news.
　　[析] On 加动名词表示“一……就”。本句的译文应是：我一进入教室就听见这个好消息了。又如：on hearing… 一听见， on arrival 一到达就……(on表示动作的名词)
　　[误] In the beginning of the book， there are some interesting stories.
　　[正] At the beginning of the book， there are some interesting stories.
　　[析] at the begining与at the end都是指某事物的开始与结束部分，均不指时间范围，而in the beginning 则是指开始一段时间。in the end=at last是指“最终，终于”之意。
　　[误] Till the end of next week. I will have finished this work.
　　[正] By the end of next week. I will have finished this work.
　　[析] by 引起的时间状语表示了动作的截止点，其意思为“不迟于某一时刻将工作做完”，所以主句一般是完成时态。当然可以有将来时态，如：I‘ll be there by five o’clock.而till则表达其一动作一直持续到某一时刻，但句中的动词一定要用持续性动词，而瞬间的截止性动词应用其否定句式，如：I won‘t finish this work till(until) next weekend.
　　[误] He came to London before last weekend.
　　[正] He had come to London before last weekend.
　　[正] He came to London two weeks ago.
　　[析] before 一般要与完成时连用，而ago则与一般过去时连用。
　　[误] I have studied English for three years gince I had come here.
　　[正] I have studied English for three years since I came here.
　　[析] since用来表达主句动作的开始时间，所以其引出的从句中应为过去时，而不能用完成时态
　　[误] I can help you repair this bike. You will get it after two hours.
　　[正] I can help you repair this bike. You will get it in two hours.
　　[析]中文经常讲两小时之后来取，两天内会修好，而这个介词在英文中要用in而不要用after.其原因有二，①after 多用于过去时，如：I arrived in New York. After three days， I found a job in the bank. ② after 加时间是表达一个不确定的时间范围，如：after three days， 即三天之后的哪一天都可以。所以在许诺若干时间内会完成某事时，一定要用介词in.
　　[误] Three days after he died.
　　[正] After three days he died.
　　[正] Three days later he died.
　　[析] after 与 later都可以用来表达一段时间之后，但它们所处的位置不同，after 在时间词前，而later在时间词后。
　　[误] She hid herself after the tree.
　　[正] She hid herself behind the tree.
　　[析] after多用来表达某动作之后，所以有的语法书中称它为动态介词，如：I run after him. After finishing my homework， I went to see a film. 而behind则多用于静态事物之后。
　　[误] There is a beautiful bird on the tree.
　　[正] There is a beautiful bird in the tree.
　　[析] 树上长出的果实，树叶要用on， 而其他外来的人、物体均要用in the tree.
　　[误] Shanghai is on the east of China.
　　[正] Shanghai is in the east of China.
　　[析] 在表达地理位置时有3个介词：in， on， to. in表示在某范围之内； on表示与某地区接壤；to则表示不相接。如：Japan is to the east of China.
　　[误] I arrived at New York on July 2nd.
　　[正] I arrived in New York on July 2nd.
　　[析] at用来表达较小的地方，而in用来表达较大的地方。at常用于at the school gate， at home， at a bus stop， at the station， at the cinema， at a small village.
　　[误] He lived in No. 3 Beijing Road.
　　[正] He lived at No. 3 Beijing Road.
　　[析] 在门牌号码前要用at， 并要注意它的惯用法：at the end of the street， at the foot of the mountain， at the top of the page.
　　[误] There is a colour TV set at the corner of the hall.
　　[正] There is a colour TV set in the corner of the hall.
　　[析] 在屋内的角落应用in，而墙的外角用at，如：There is a tree at the corner of the street.
　　[误] This weekend I’ll stay in Uncle Wang’s.
　　[正] This weekend I’ll stay at Uncle Wang’s.
　　[析] 要注意英文的特殊表达法，如：at a tailor’s shop (裁缝店)=at a tailor’s， at the doctor’s (去看病) at the bookseller’s (在书店) at uncle Wang’s (在王叔叔家)
　　[误] Do you know there is some good news on today’s newspaper？
　　[正] Do you know there is some good news in today’s newspaper？
　　[析] 在报纸上的新闻要用in， 而在具体某一版上，或某一页上则要用on.
　　[误] The school will begin on September 1st.
　　[正] School will begin on September 1st.
　　[析]这里的school应看作不可数名词泛指学校的课程，即开学之意。要注意，有些活动场所当表达正在从事该种活动时不要加冠词，如：at table (吃饭)， When I came to Tom’s home， they were at table. 还有： at desk (学习)，at work (工作) at school (上学)， in hospital (住医院) at church 作礼拜如加上定冠词则另有他意，如：at the school 即在学校工作或办事，in the hospital 即在医院工作或去看望病人。
　　[误] In my way to the station， I bought a newspaper to kill time.
　　[正] On my way to the station， I bought a newspaper to kill time.
　　[析]译文为：在去车站的路上我买了份报纸，为的是消磨时光“在……的路上”应用on one‘s way…。而 in the way 有挡道之意，如：Please move the chair it is in the way.
　　[误] Look， the door is open， Maybe someone broke into.
　　[正] Look， the door is open， Maybe someone broke in.
　　[正] Look， the door is open， Maybe someone broke into the office.
　　[析] in是表达一个静止状态，在与break连用时其后不加介词宾语，而into则是动态介词，与break连用时要加介词宾语。
　　[误] I’ll leave Beijing to Shanghai tomorrow.
　　[正] I’ll leave Beijing for Shanghai.
　　[正] I’ll leave for Shanghai.
　　[析] leave for 是离开某地去某处的固定搭配，不可将for改为别的介词。这样的搭配还有：start for 动身前往某处，set out for， sail for.
　　[误] I’m sorry. I have to get out the bus at next stop.
　　[正] I’m sorry. I have to get out of the bus at next stop.
　　[析] get in， 与 get out是两个相反的词组。get in 为上车，而get out为下车，但语法家认为这里的in与out为副词，所以其后不能接名词，我们可以讲We’d better get in. 或We’d better get out. 还有一组词组有关上下车：get on/off(a train， a ship， a struck) get into/out of (a car， taxi…)
　　[误] Be careful The temperature of the water is ninety degrees over zero.
　　[正] Be careful. The temperature of the water is ninety degrees above zero.
　　[析] over 与 above 在作为比某物高的意思时有时可以互换。但在垂直方向上的高矮时，即正上方时则要用above.而泛指上方时用over.
　　[误] There is an old stone bridge above the river.
　　[正] There is an old stone bridge over the river.
　　[析] over还有一意为“跨越，横跨”。
　　[误] The Dead Sea is under the sea level.
　　[正] The Dead Sea is below the sea level.
　　[析]在垂直下方要用below.也就是讲above与below互为反意词，over与under也是反意词。
　　[误] There is a big tree in the front of the house.
　　[正] There is a big tree in front of the house.
　　[析] in front of 是在物体外部的前面，而in the front of 是在物体内部的前面，如：The driver sits in the front of the bus.
　　[误] It took them two days to walk across the forest.
　　[正] It took them two days to walk through the forest.
　　[析] across 作为介词有两个主要意思：① 横过，如：I want to walk across the street.② 对面，如：There is a post office across the street，而through 多用于三维空间中的穿越。across则多用于平面上的横过。如：The little girl ran across the room to meet her mother.
　　[误] The sun sets toward the west.
　　[正] The sun sets in the west.
　　[析] towards也可用作toward，它主要表达朝向某方向运动，但不一定到达，如：He ran toward(s) the mountain.而在表示方位east， west， north， south 时，其前面要用in.要注意的是这4个词可以用作副词，如：I went south. 也可用作名词，如：I went to the south.也可用作形容词，如：I went to the south part of China.
　　[误] Do you have no other clothes except those？
　　[正] Do you have no other clothes besides those？
　　[析] beside 是“在……旁边”，如：The students stood beside their teachers.而besides是“除……之外，不仅……而且……，除了……以外还有……”，如：I studied English besides French， when I was in college. 而except 则是从同一类物体中去掉某一部分，如：I come here every day except Sunday. 而except for 是指去掉不同种类的事物，如：The room is clean except for two chairs. 而except that则要加从句。
　　[误] Can I write the exam paper with ink？
　　[正] Can I write the exam paper with a pen？
　　[正] Can I write the exam paper in ink？
　　[析] with后要加拿得起来放得下的工具，而墨水、颜料等原料则要用in.
　　[误] I’m earlier today. I came here by his car.
　　[正] I’m earlier today. I came here in his car.
　　[析]在交通工具前加介词by，但不能再有任何指示代词或冠词，否则要改换相应的介词。by taxi=in a taxi
　　by train=in a train
　　by bicycle=on a bicycle
　　by ship=on a ship
　　by boat=in a boat
　　by bus=on a bus
　　by plane=on a plane
　　by air 空运
　　by land 陆运
　　by sea 海运
　　on foot on horseback
　　by phone by letter by radio
　　by air mail by hand
　　[误] A lot of French wines are made of grape.
　　[正] A lot of French wines are made from grape.
　　[析] made of 是指由原材料到成品过程中原材料未发生质地的变化，而发生了某种变化则要用from，如：The desk was made of hard wood.
　　[误] This is a good dictionary in English grammar.
　　[正] This is a good dictionary on English grammar.
　　[析]关于某方面的书籍、报告等有两个介词，其中on表示某专业用书，about则为某方面的普通读物，如：This is a book about physics.即物理科普知识。
　　[误] Do you have the key of the door.
　　[正] Do you have the key to the door.
　　[析] key to the door门的钥匙。相同用法还有answer to the question， entrance to the highway， danger to health.千万不要用of.
　　[误] Today a lot of Chinese people have interest of collecting stamps.
　　[正] Today a lot of Chinese people have interest in collecting stamps.
　　[析] have interest in是在某方面有兴趣。
　　[误] I didn’t do my homework， so the teacher was angry to me.
　　[正] I didn’t do my homework， so the teacher was angry with me.
　　[析] be angry with其后接人，而be angry at其后接事。如：He was angry at what she said.
　　[误] He was good for skating.
　　[正] He was good at skating.
　　[析] be good at 为“擅长某事”，而be good for somebody为对某人很好。
　　[误] It was good to you to help my little boy.
　　[正] It was good of you to help my little boy.
　　[析] 这句话应译为：你真太好了，帮助了我的小孩。而be good to somebody 是对某人态度好。如：Her mother is good to everyone.
　　[误] My parents were very pleased at me.
　　[正] My parents were very pleased with me.
　　[正] My parents were very pleased at my studying.
　　[析] be pleased with后加somebody， 而be pleased at后加something.
　　[误] He is agree with me.
　　[正] He agrees with me.
　　[误] He againsts me.
　　[正] He is against me.
　　[析]同意agree为动词，而反对against则为介词。在使用中一定要注意。
　　[误] I haven’t heard letters from him.
　　[正] I haven’t heard from him.
　　[析] hear from 即为：从某人处得到信件。不要再加letter了。
　　[误] Teacher. May I call at you this weekend？
　　[正] Teacher. May I call on you this weekend？
　　[析] 作为“拜访”讲call at其后接地点，如：May I call at your home this weekend？而call on其后接人。
　　[误] Do you know the girl on white？
　　[正] Do you know the girl in white？
　　[析] in white为穿一身白。与in有关的词组有：in bed(睡觉)，in hospital(住院)，in a hurry(匆匆忙忙)，in danger(危险中)，in joy (高兴)，in good health(身体好)，in love(恋爱)，in trouble(困境)，与之相反的是out of ，如：out of trouble (摆脱困境)，out of date(过时了)， out of order(出故障)
　　[误] He looked at me at surprise.
　　[正] He looked at me in surprise.
　　[析] surprise的用法一般有三种。①用于句首，To one’s surprise， 如：To my surprise he succeeded. ② be surprised at， 如：I was surprised at the news. ③用于句尾in surprise.
　　[误] She didn’t come to school because of she was ill.
　　[正] She didn’t come to school because she was ill.
　　[析] because of 后接名词，如：The game was put off because of the rain.
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